Cross-section illustration of a medieval castle's concentric defences seen from above at a slight angle: moat, outer wall, gatehouse, courtyard, inner keep

The phrase survived. The definition did not.

Consider a medieval castle. It is tempting to imagine that its security rested on the thickness of its walls, and that a besieging army faced essentially one problem, repeated: get past the stone. But that is not how a defended position worked, and the people who built them knew it. A castle was arranged so that every …

July 21, 2026 · 10 min

Architecture reviews that approve instead of challenge

Architecture reviews exist to catch problems before they become expensive. In practice, most reviews catch a different set of problems from the ones they were designed to find, and miss a different set from the ones that will eventually cause trouble. This is not because the reviewers lack competence. It is because mos…

April 2, 2026 · 5 min