A stylised map of a contested border region shown above a cutaway cross-section of the ground beneath it. The upper map shows clean diplomatic borders and labels; the lower section reveals a dry riverbed, a retreating glacier, cracked farmland, and a crowded hillside, with a thin line dividing the two layers.

Reading the substrate

By the time a clash in the central Sahel reaches a wire service, it has already been given its name: a jihadist attack, or ethnic violence between Fulani herders and settled farmers, with the dead counted under one heading or the other. What rarely travels with the dispatch is the thing underneath it: a rainy season th…

June 30, 2026 · 21 min